Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or as parts of verb tenses. There are two main types of participles: present participles and past participles.
1. Present Participles
- Formation: Present participles are formed by adding “-ing” to the base form of a verb.
- Function: They can act as adjectives or be part of continuous (progressive) verb tenses.
Examples:
- As an Adjective:
- The running water was cold. (यहां, “running” जल को वर्णित कर रहा है।)
- In Continuous Tense:
- She is reading a book. (यहां, “reading” वर्तमान काल का हिस्सा है।)
2. Past Participles
- Formation: Past participles are typically formed by adding “-ed” to regular verbs. However, many verbs are irregular and have unique past participle forms.
- Function: They can also act as adjectives or be part of perfect tenses and passive voice constructions.
Examples:
- As an Adjective:
- The broken vase lay on the floor. (यहां, “broken” फूलदान को वर्णित कर रहा है।)
- In Perfect Tense:
- She has finished her homework. (यहां, “finished” पूर्णकालिक क्रिया का हिस्सा है।)
Uses of Participles
- Adjectival Use:
Participles can modify nouns, providing additional information.- Example: The excited children played outside. (उत्साहित बच्चे बाहर खेल रहे थे।)
- Perfect Tenses:
Past participles are used to form perfect tenses.- Example: They have traveled to many countries. (उन्होंने कई देशों की यात्रा की है।)
- Progressive Tenses:
Present participles are used to form progressive tenses.- Example: He was sleeping when I called. (जब मैंने कॉल किया, वह सो रहा था।)
- Passive Voice:
Past participles are used in passive constructions.- Example: The cake was made by my mother. (केक मेरी माँ द्वारा बनाया गया था।)
Common Irregular Past Participles
Here are some common irregular verbs and their past participle forms:
| Base Form | Past Participle |
|---|---|
| go | gone |
| eat | eaten |
| see | seen |
| take | taken |
| write | written |
| speak | spoken |
| break | broken |
| choose | chosen |
