Mobile Technology

  • Software Freedom Day : 16 September
  • Computer’s Literarcy Day :  December 2
    • World Computer Literacy Day was launched by Indian computer company NIIT to mark its 20th anniversary in 2001.

Cellular networks/Mobile networks

  • Cellular networks, also known as mobile networks or wireless networks, are a critical part of modern telecommunications systems that enable wireless communication between mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. 
  • These networks use a combination of radio signals, infrastructure, and protocols to facilitate voice and data communication over long distances. 
  • Mobile Devices use EM Waves For Communication.

key aspects of cellular networks:

    • Cell Towers: Cellular networks are made up of a network of cell towers or base stations that are strategically located across a geographic area. 
      • Each cell tower covers a specific geographical area known as a “cell.” 
      • Antennas and equipment are placed to create a cell.
    • Base Station : Placed below Tower.
    • Mobile Tower Switching Office (MTSO): all towers and base stations in a city are connected with high speed fibre optics link.
      • Our SIM data stores in MTSO.
    • PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) : MTSO IS connected  with PSTN.
  • It is a combination of telephone Networks used Worldwide.
  • Frequency Bands: Cellular networks operate on specific radio frequency bands allocated by regulatory authorities. Different frequency bands are used for various purposes, such as voice calls, text messaging, and data transmission. The most common frequency bands are divided into bands for 2G, 3G, 4G LTE, and now 5G.

Generations of Cellular Networks:

  • 1G (1ST Generation):
    • Introduced in the early 1980s.
    • Analog cellular technology, primarily used for voice calls.
    • Limited capacity and low-quality voice transmission.
    • No data services or mobile internet.
    • Examples: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).
    • Maximum Speed: 2.4 Kbps
  • 2G (2nd Generation): 
    • Introduced digital voice communication and basic text messaging.
    • Introduced in the early 1990s.
    • Introduced basic data services like SMS (Short Message Service),GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution).
    • Supported circuit-switched data for services like mobile fax.
    • Examples: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
  • 3G (3rd Generation): Enabled faster data transmission, mobile internet, and multimedia services.
    • Introduced in the early 2000s.
    • Provided significantly faster data speeds compared to 2G, enabling mobile internet access and multimedia services.
    • Supported video calling, mobile TV, and faster data downloads.
    • Examples: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000.
  • 4G LTE (4th Generation Long-Term Evolution): Provided high-speed internet, HD video streaming, and improved voice quality.
    • Introduced in the late 2000s.
    • Examples: LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access).
  • 5G (5th Generation): Offers ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, and support for a massive number of connected devices. It also introduces network slicing for customized services.
  • RAN : radio access networks 
  • SIM Cards: Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards 
  • SATCOM, short for “Satellite Communications,” is a technology that enables long-distance communication using satellites as relays in space. 
  • Roaming: Cellular networks often have agreements with other networks, allowing users to maintain connectivity while traveling outside their home network’s coverage area. Roaming services may incur additional charges.

(Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidelity)

  • Wi-Fi, short for Wireless Fidelity, is a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the internet via wifi Router and communicate with each other wirelessly within a local area network (LAN). 
  • It uses radio Frequencies.
  • Wi-Fi operates based on IEEE 802.11 standards. 
  • Wi-Fi operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands. 
  • Encryption protocols such as WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy), WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), and WPA2/WPA3 are used to secure wireless communications and prevent unauthorized access.
  • The Service Set Identifier (SSID) is a unique name assigned to each Wi-Fi network. Users must enter the correct SSID to connect to a specific network. 

 

(Li-Fi – Light Fidelity)

  • Li-Fi is a wireless communication technology that uses visible light or infrared light to transmit data wirelessly. 
  • Unlike Wi-Fi, which uses radio waves to transmit data, Li-Fi relies on the modulation of light to achieve high-speed wireless communication. Here are some key features and concepts related to Li-Fi:
  • Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit data .

 

Bluetooth : 

  • Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that enables short-range data transmission between devices typically within a range of about 10 meters (approximately 33 feet). 

 

RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) 

  • It is a wireless communication technology that allows data to be transmitted between devices or objects without physical contact.

 

NFC (Near Field Communication) 

  • It is a wireless communication technology that allows data to be transmitted between devices or objects without physical contact. 
  • NFC is commonly used for contactless payment systems (e.g., Apple Pay, Google Pay), access control (e.g., key cards), ticketing (e.g., public transportation cards), and data transfer between smartphones or other devices.
  • RFID has a longer range compared to NFC
Mobile Technology